Eysenck

Eysenck (1991) has proposed a three-factor model (psychoticism - extraversion - neuroticism) that he has vigorously advocated as an alternative to the five-factor model. In actuality, the two models are related (Costa & McCrae, 1992a, 1992b; Eysenck, 1992a, 1992b). Not only do both share the factors of extraversion and neuroticism, but also Eysenck's factor of psychoticism is related (negatively) to agreeableness and conscientiousness. Eysenck complains that agreeableness and conscientiousness belong at a lower level in the hierarchy than psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. Just as extraversion is made up of the intercorrelations of other lower-level factors such as impulsivity and sociability, so also psychoticism is made up of the intercorrelations of lower-level factors such as agreeableness and conscientiousness. At the highest level in the hierarchy are the superfactors P, E, and N. These superfactors are not only psychometrically sound, but also have a physiological basis that has never been claimed for the Big Five.


Extraversion/ Surgency

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellect/ Openness

Eysenck

ExtraversionPsychoticism (r)Neuroticism (r)

Adler

Superiority StrivingSocial InterestSuperiority Striving

Bakan

AgencyCommunionAgency

Bales

Dominant IniativeSocial-Emotional OrientationTask Orientation

Bartholomew

Model of Other (Avoidance) (r) Model of Self (Anxiety) (r)

Block

Low Ego Control High Ego ControlEgo Resiliency

Buss and Plomin

Activity ImpulsivityEmotionality (r)

Cattell

Exvia (vs. Invia)Pathemia (vs. Cortertia)Superego StrengthAdjustment vs. AnxietyIndependence vs. Subduedness

Comrey

Extraversion and ActivityFemininityOrderliness and Social ConformityEmotional StabilityRebelliousness

Costa and McCrae

ExtraversionAgreeablenessConscientiousnessNeuroticism (r)Openness

Digman

BetaAlphaBeta

Erikson

Basic Trust

Fiske

Confident Self-ExpressionSocial AdaptabilityConformityEmotional ControlInquiring Intellect

Freud

Psychosexual Development

Goldberg

SurgencyAgreeablenessConscientiousnessEmotional StabilityIntellect

Gough

ExtraversionConsensualityControl Flexibility

Guilford

Social ActivityParanoid Disposition (r)Thinking IntroversionEmotional Stability

Hogan

Ambition and SociabilityLikeabilityPrudenceAdjustmentIntellectance

Horney

Moving Toward

Jackson

Outgoing, Social LeadershipSelf-Protective Orientation (r)Work OrientationDependence (r)Aesthetic / Intellectual

Leary

Control / DominanceAffiliation / Love

Maslow

Self-Actualization Self-Actualization

McAdams

Power MotivationIntimacy MotivationPower Motivation

Myers- Briggs

Extraversion vs. IntroversionFeeling vs. ThinkingJudging vs. Perception Intuition vs. Sensing

Peabody

PowerLoveWorkAffectIntellect

Rank

IndividuationUnionIndividuation

Rogers

Personal Growth Personal Growth

Skinner

Socialization

Tellegen

Positive EmotionalityConstraintNegative EmotionalityAbsorption

Watson

Socialization

Wiggins

AgencyCommunionAgency

Zuckerman

Extraversion Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking (r)Neuroticism (r)Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking

Extraversion/ Surgency

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Intellect/ Openness

Note: (r) means "reversed scored." (This table is adapted from Digman [1997], Griffin & Bartholomew [1994], John [1990], and McCrae & Costa [1996].)


References

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992b). Reply to Eysenck. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 861-865.

Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.

Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, or 3?--Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773-790.

Eysenck, H. J. (1992a). Four ways five factors are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667-673.

Eysenck, H. J. (1992b). A reply to Costa and McCrae: P or A and C--the role of theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 867-868.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.

John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.


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